Pass by reference where possible

A lot of the `rest` methods took - for example a Map - by value, where
they could instead take a reference. While this only prevents one clone
in the library, user-land code should no longer need to clone maps when
using the `rest` module.

11 files changed, 106 insertions, 112 deletions

diff --git a/src/client/context.rs b/src/client/context.rs
index 2954d2c..f46e351 100644
--- a/src/client/context.rs
+++ b/src/client/context.rs
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ impl Context {
 
         let edited = f(EditProfile(map)).0.build();
 
-        rest::edit_profile(edited)
+        rest::edit_profile(&edited)
     }
 
     /// Sets the current user as being [`Online`]. This maintains the current
diff --git a/src/client/gateway/prep.rs b/src/client/gateway/prep.rs
index 4fc98f3..97c7dee 100644
--- a/src/client/gateway/prep.rs
+++ b/src/client/gateway/prep.rs
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ pub fn build_gateway_url(base: &str) -> Result<RequestUrl> {
 pub fn keepalive(interval: u64,
                  heartbeat_sent: Arc<Mutex<Instant>>,
                  mut sender: Sender<WebSocketStream>,
-                 channel: MpscReceiver<GatewayStatus>) {
+                 channel: &MpscReceiver<GatewayStatus>) {
     let mut base_interval = Duration::milliseconds(interval as i64);
     let mut next_tick = time::get_time() + base_interval;
 
diff --git a/src/client/gateway/shard.rs b/src/client/gateway/shard.rs
index 8902b0b..a51c2dc 100644
--- a/src/client/gateway/shard.rs
+++ b/src/client/gateway/shard.rs
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ impl Shard {
         ThreadBuilder::new()
             .name(thread_name)
             .spawn(move || {
-                prep::keepalive(heartbeat_interval, heartbeat_clone, sender, rx)
+                prep::keepalive(heartbeat_interval, heartbeat_clone, sender, &rx)
             })?;
 
         // Parse READY
diff --git a/src/client/mod.rs b/src/client/mod.rs
index 0da4b0e..0261833 100644
--- a/src/client/mod.rs
+++ b/src/client/mod.rs
@@ -782,7 +782,7 @@ impl Client {
         for shard_number in shards_index..shards_total {
             let shard_info = shard_data.map(|s| [shard_number, s[2]]);
 
-            let boot = boot_shard(BootInfo {
+            let boot = boot_shard(&BootInfo {
                 gateway_url: gateway_url.clone(),
                 login_type: self.login_type,
                 shard_info: shard_info,
@@ -1195,7 +1195,7 @@ struct MonitorInfo {
     token: String,
 }
 
-fn boot_shard(info: BootInfo) -> Result<(Shard, ReadyEvent, Receiver<WebSocketStream>)> {
+fn boot_shard(info: &BootInfo) -> Result<(Shard, ReadyEvent, Receiver<WebSocketStream>)> {
     // Make ten attempts to boot the shard, exponentially backing off; if it
     // still doesn't boot after that, accept it as a failure.
     //
@@ -1250,7 +1250,7 @@ fn monitor_shard(mut info: MonitorInfo) {
         let mut boot_successful = false;
 
         for _ in 0..3 {
-            let boot = boot_shard(BootInfo {
+            let boot = boot_shard(&BootInfo {
                 gateway_url: info.gateway_url.clone(),
                 login_type: info.login_type,
                 shard_info: info.shard_info,
diff --git a/src/client/rest/mod.rs b/src/client/rest/mod.rs
index 9c429c6..96cff30 100644
--- a/src/client/rest/mod.rs
+++ b/src/client/rest/mod.rs
@@ -224,8 +224,8 @@ pub fn broadcast_typing(channel_id: u64) -> Result<()> {
 /// [`GuildChannel`]: ../../model/struct.GuildChannel.html
 /// [docs]: https://discordapp.com/developers/docs/resources/guild#create-guild-channel
 /// [Manage Channels]: ../../model/permissions/constant.MANAGE_CHANNELS.html
-pub fn create_channel(guild_id: u64, map: Value) -> Result<GuildChannel> {
-    let body = serde_json::to_string(&map)?;
+pub fn create_channel(guild_id: u64, map: &Value) -> Result<GuildChannel> {
+    let body = map.to_string();
     let response = request!(Route::GuildsIdChannels(guild_id),
                             post(body),
                             "/guilds/{}/channels",
@@ -244,8 +244,8 @@ pub fn create_channel(guild_id: u64, map: Value) -> Result<GuildChannel> {
 /// [`Context::create_emoji`]: ../struct.Context.html#method.create_emoji
 /// [`Guild`]: ../../model/struct.Guild.html
 /// [Manage Emojis]: ../../model/permissions/constant.MANAGE_EMOJIS.html
-pub fn create_emoji(guild_id: u64, map: Value) -> Result<Emoji> {
-    let body = serde_json::to_string(&map)?;
+pub fn create_emoji(guild_id: u64, map: &Value) -> Result<Emoji> {
+    let body = map.to_string();
     let response = request!(Route::GuildsIdEmojis(guild_id),
                             post(body),
                             "/guilds/{}/emojis",
@@ -288,8 +288,8 @@ pub fn create_emoji(guild_id: u64, map: Value) -> Result<Emoji> {
 /// [`Shard`]: ../gateway/struct.Shard.html
 /// [US West Region]: ../../model/enum.Region.html#variant.UsWest
 /// [whitelist]: https://discordapp.com/developers/docs/resources/guild#create-guild
-pub fn create_guild(map: Value) -> Result<PartialGuild> {
-    let body = serde_json::to_string(&map)?;
+pub fn create_guild(map: &Value) -> Result<PartialGuild> {
+    let body = map.to_string();
     let response = request!(Route::Guilds, post(body), "/guilds");
 
     PartialGuild::decode(serde_json::from_reader(response)?)
@@ -305,8 +305,8 @@ pub fn create_guild(map: Value) -> Result<PartialGuild> {
 /// [`Integration`]: ../../model/struct.Integration.html
 /// [Manage Guild]: ../../model/permissions/constant.MANAGE_GUILD.html
 /// [docs]: https://discordapp.com/developers/docs/resources/guild#create-guild-integration
-pub fn create_guild_integration(guild_id: u64, integration_id: u64, map: Value) -> Result<()> {
-    let body = serde_json::to_string(&map)?;
+pub fn create_guild_integration(guild_id: u64, integration_id: u64, map: &Value) -> Result<()> {
+    let body = map.to_string();
 
     verify(204, request!(Route::GuildsIdIntegrations(guild_id),
                          post(body),
@@ -327,8 +327,8 @@ pub fn create_guild_integration(guild_id: u64, integration_id: u64, map: Value)
 /// [`RichInvite`]: ../../model/struct.RichInvite.html
 /// [Create Invite]: ../../model/permissions/constant.CREATE_INVITE.html
 /// [docs]: https://discordapp.com/developers/docs/resources/channel#create-channel-invite
-pub fn create_invite(channel_id: u64, map: Value) -> Result<RichInvite> {
-    let body = serde_json::to_string(&map)?;
+pub fn create_invite(channel_id: u64, map: &Value) -> Result<RichInvite> {
+    let body = map.to_string();
     let response = request!(Route::ChannelsIdInvites(channel_id),
                             post(body),
                             "/channels/{}/invites",
@@ -338,8 +338,8 @@ pub fn create_invite(channel_id: u64, map: Value) -> Result<RichInvite> {
 }
 
 /// Creates a permission override for a member or a role in a channel.
-pub fn create_permission(channel_id: u64, target_id: u64, map: Value) -> Result<()> {
-    let body = serde_json::to_string(&map)?;
+pub fn create_permission(channel_id: u64, target_id: u64, map: &Value) -> Result<()> {
+    let body = map.to_string();
 
     verify(204, request!(Route::ChannelsIdPermissionsOverwriteId(channel_id),
                          put(body),
@@ -349,8 +349,8 @@ pub fn create_permission(channel_id: u64, target_id: u64, map: Value) -> Result<
 }
 
 /// Creates a private channel with a user.
-pub fn create_private_channel(map: Value) -> Result<PrivateChannel> {
-    let body = serde_json::to_string(&map)?;
+pub fn create_private_channel(map: &Value) -> Result<PrivateChannel> {
+    let body = map.to_string();
     let response = request!(Route::UsersMeChannels,
                             post(body),
                             "/users/@me/channels");
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ pub fn create_private_channel(map: Value) -> Result<PrivateChannel> {
 /// Reacts to a message.
 pub fn create_reaction(channel_id: u64,
                        message_id: u64,
-                       reaction_type: ReactionType)
+                       reaction_type: &ReactionType)
                        -> Result<()> {
     verify(204, request!(Route::ChannelsIdMessagesIdReactionsUserIdType(channel_id),
                          put,
@@ -372,8 +372,8 @@ pub fn create_reaction(channel_id: u64,
 }
 
 /// Creates a role.
-pub fn create_role(guild_id: u64, map: Value) -> Result<Role> {
-    let body = serde_json::to_string(&map)?;
+pub fn create_role(guild_id: u64, map: &Value) -> Result<Role> {
+    let body = map.to_string();
     let response = request!(Route::GuildsIdRoles(guild_id),
                             post(body),
                             "/guilds/{}/roles",
@@ -412,8 +412,8 @@ pub fn create_role(guild_id: u64, map: Value) -> Result<Role> {
 /// ```
 ///
 /// [`GuildChannel`]: ../../model/struct.GuildChannel.html
-pub fn create_webhook(channel_id: u64, map: Value) -> Result<Webhook> {
-    let body = serde_json::to_string(&map)?;
+pub fn create_webhook(channel_id: u64, map: &Value) -> Result<Webhook> {
+    let body = map.to_string();
     let response = request!(Route::ChannelsIdWebhooks(channel_id),
                             post(body),
                             "/channels/{}/webhooks",
@@ -478,8 +478,8 @@ pub fn delete_message(channel_id: u64, message_id: u64) -> Result<()> {
 }
 
 /// Deletes a bunch of messages, only works for bots.
-pub fn delete_messages(channel_id: u64, map: Value) -> Result<()> {
-    let body = serde_json::to_string(&map)?;
+pub fn delete_messages(channel_id: u64, map: &Value) -> Result<()> {
+    let body = map.to_string();
 
     verify(204, request!(Route::ChannelsIdMessagesBulkDelete(channel_id),
                          post(body),
@@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ pub fn delete_permission(channel_id: u64, target_id: u64) -> Result<()> {
 pub fn delete_reaction(channel_id: u64,
                        message_id: u64,
                        user_id: Option<u64>,
-                       reaction_type: ReactionType)
+                       reaction_type: &ReactionType)
                        -> Result<()> {
     let user = user_id.map(|uid| uid.to_string()).unwrap_or_else(|| "@me".to_string());
 
@@ -599,8 +599,8 @@ pub fn delete_webhook_with_token(webhook_id: u64, token: &str) -> Result<()> {
 }
 
 /// Changes channel information.
-pub fn edit_channel(channel_id: u64, map: Value) -> Result<GuildChannel> {
-    let body = serde_json::to_string(&map)?;
+pub fn edit_channel(channel_id: u64, map: &Value) -> Result<GuildChannel> {
+    let body = map.to_string();
     let response = request!(Route::ChannelsId(channel_id),
                             patch(body),
                             "/channels/{}",
@@ -610,8 +610,8 @@ pub fn edit_channel(channel_id: u64, map: Value) -> Result<GuildChannel> {
 }
 
 /// Changes emoji information.
-pub fn edit_emoji(guild_id: u64, emoji_id: u64, map: Value) -> Result<Emoji> {
-    let body = serde_json::to_string(&map)?;
+pub fn edit_emoji(guild_id: u64, emoji_id: u64, map: &Value) -> Result<Emoji> {
+    let body = map.to_string();
     let response = request!(Route::GuildsIdEmojisId(guild_id),
                             patch(body),
                             "/guilds/{}/emojis/{}",
@@ -622,8 +622,8 @@ pub fn edit_emoji(guild_id: u64, emoji_id: u64, map: Value) -> Result<Emoji> {
 }
 
 /// Changes guild information.
-pub fn edit_guild(guild_id: u64, map: Value) -> Result<PartialGuild> {
-    let body = serde_json::to_string(&map)?;
+pub fn edit_guild(guild_id: u64, map: &Value) -> Result<PartialGuild> {
+    let body = map.to_string();
     let response = request!(Route::GuildsId(guild_id),
                             patch(body),
                             "/guilds/{}",
@@ -635,8 +635,8 @@ pub fn edit_guild(guild_id: u64, map: Value) -> Result<PartialGuild> {
 /// Edits a [`Guild`]'s embed setting.
 ///
 /// [`Guild`]: ../../model/struct.Guild.html
-pub fn edit_guild_embed(guild_id: u64, map: Value) -> Result<GuildEmbed> {
-    let body = serde_json::to_string(&map)?;
+pub fn edit_guild_embed(guild_id: u64, map: &Value) -> Result<GuildEmbed> {
+    let body = map.to_string();
     let response = request!(Route::GuildsIdEmbed(guild_id),
                             patch(body),
                             "/guilds/{}/embed",
@@ -646,8 +646,8 @@ pub fn edit_guild_embed(guild_id: u64, map: Value) -> Result<GuildEmbed> {
 }
 
 /// Does specific actions to a member.
-pub fn edit_member(guild_id: u64, user_id: u64, map: Value) -> Result<()> {
-    let body = serde_json::to_string(&map)?;
+pub fn edit_member(guild_id: u64, user_id: u64, map: &Value) -> Result<()> {
+    let body = map.to_string();
 
     verify(204, request!(Route::GuildsIdMembersId(guild_id),
                          patch(body),
@@ -659,8 +659,8 @@ pub fn edit_member(guild_id: u64, user_id: u64, map: Value) -> Result<()> {
 /// Edits a message by Id.
 ///
 /// **Note**: Only the author of a message can modify it.
-pub fn edit_message(channel_id: u64, message_id: u64, map: Value) -> Result<Message> {
-    let body = serde_json::to_string(&map)?;
+pub fn edit_message(channel_id: u64, message_id: u64, map: &Value) -> Result<Message> {
+    let body = map.to_string();
     let response = request!(Route::ChannelsIdMessagesId(LightMethod::Any, channel_id),
                             patch(body),
                             "/channels/{}/messages/{}",
@@ -677,7 +677,7 @@ pub fn edit_message(channel_id: u64, message_id: u64, map: Value) -> Result<Mess
 /// [`Guild`]: ../../model/struct.Guild.html
 pub fn edit_nickname(guild_id: u64, new_nickname: Option<&str>) -> Result<()> {
     let map = ObjectBuilder::new().insert("nick", new_nickname).build();
-    let body = serde_json::to_string(&map)?;
+    let body = map.to_string();
     let response = request!(Route::GuildsIdMembersMeNick(guild_id),
                             patch(body),
                             "/guilds/{}/members/@me/nick",
@@ -687,8 +687,8 @@ pub fn edit_nickname(guild_id: u64, new_nickname: Option<&str>) -> Result<()> {
 }
 
 /// Changes a profile note.
-pub fn edit_note(user_id: u64, map: Value) -> Result<()> {
-    let body = serde_json::to_string(&map)?;
+pub fn edit_note(user_id: u64, map: &Value) -> Result<()> {
+    let body = map.to_string();
 
     verify(204, request!(Route::None,
                          put(body),
@@ -708,8 +708,8 @@ pub fn edit_note(user_id: u64, map: Value) -> Result<()> {
 /// **Note**: this token change may cause requests made between the actual token
 /// change and when the token is internally changed to be invalid requests, as
 /// the token may be outdated.
-pub fn edit_profile(map: Value) -> Result<CurrentUser> {
-    let body = serde_json::to_string(&map)?;
+pub fn edit_profile(map: &Value) -> Result<CurrentUser> {
+    let body = map.to_string();
     let response = request!(Route::UsersMe, patch(body), "/users/@me");
 
     let mut map: BTreeMap<String, Value> = serde_json::from_reader(response)?;
@@ -724,9 +724,9 @@ pub fn edit_profile(map: Value) -> Result<CurrentUser> {
 }
 
 /// Changes a role in a guild.
-pub fn edit_role(guild_id: u64, role_id: u64, map: Value)
+pub fn edit_role(guild_id: u64, role_id: u64, map: &Value)
     -> Result<Role> {
-    let body = serde_json::to_string(&map)?;
+    let body = map.to_string();
     let response = request!(Route::GuildsIdRolesId(guild_id),
                             patch(body),
                             "/guilds/{}/roles/{}",
@@ -775,8 +775,8 @@ pub fn edit_role(guild_id: u64, role_id: u64, map: Value)
 /// [`edit_webhook_with_token`]: fn.edit_webhook_with_token.html
 // The tests are ignored, rather than no_run'd, due to rustdoc tests with
 // external crates being incredibly messy and misleading in the end user's view.
-pub fn edit_webhook(webhook_id: u64, map: Value) -> Result<Webhook> {
-    let body = serde_json::to_string(&map)?;
+pub fn edit_webhook(webhook_id: u64, map: &Value) -> Result<Webhook> {
+    let body = map.to_string();
     let response = request!(Route::WebhooksId,
                             patch(body),
                             "/webhooks/{}",
@@ -811,8 +811,8 @@ pub fn edit_webhook(webhook_id: u64, map: Value) -> Result<Webhook> {
 /// ```
 ///
 /// [`edit_webhook`]: fn.edit_webhook.html
-pub fn edit_webhook_with_token(webhook_id: u64, token: &str, map: Value) -> Result<Webhook> {
-    let body = serde_json::to_string(&map)?;
+pub fn edit_webhook_with_token(webhook_id: u64, token: &str, map: &Value) -> Result<Webhook> {
+    let body = map.to_string();
     let client = HyperClient::new();
     let response = retry(|| client
         .patch(&format!(api!("/webhooks/{}/{}"), webhook_id, token))
@@ -876,8 +876,8 @@ pub fn edit_webhook_with_token(webhook_id: u64, token: &str, map: Value) -> Resu
 /// [`Channel`]: ../../model/enum.Channel.html
 /// [`Message`]: ../../model/struct.Message.html
 /// [Discord docs]: https://discordapp.com/developers/docs/resources/webhook#querystring-params
-pub fn execute_webhook(webhook_id: u64, token: &str, map: Value) -> Result<Message> {
-    let body = serde_json::to_string(&map)?;
+pub fn execute_webhook(webhook_id: u64, token: &str, map: &Value) -> Result<Message> {
+    let body = map.to_string();
     let client = HyperClient::new();
     let response = retry(|| client
         .post(&format!(api!("/webhooks/{}/{}"), webhook_id, token))
@@ -1097,8 +1097,8 @@ pub fn get_guild_members(guild_id: u64, limit: Option<u64>, after: Option<u64>)
 }
 
 /// Gets the amount of users that can be pruned.
-pub fn get_guild_prune_count(guild_id: u64, map: Value) -> Result<GuildPrune> {
-    let body = serde_json::to_string(&map)?;
+pub fn get_guild_prune_count(guild_id: u64, map: &Value) -> Result<GuildPrune> {
+    let body = map.to_string();
     let response = request!(Route::GuildsIdPrune(guild_id),
                             get(body),
                             "/guilds/{}/prune",
@@ -1179,10 +1179,10 @@ pub fn get_guild_webhooks(guild_id: u64) -> Result<Vec<Webhook>> {
 /// ```
 ///
 /// [docs]: https://discordapp.com/developers/docs/resources/user#get-current-user-guilds
-pub fn get_guilds(target: GuildPagination, limit: u64) -> Result<Vec<GuildInfo>> {
+pub fn get_guilds(target: &GuildPagination, limit: u64) -> Result<Vec<GuildInfo>> {
     let mut uri = format!("/users/@me/guilds?limit={}", limit);
 
-    match target {
+    match *target {
         GuildPagination::After(id) => {
             write!(uri, "&after={}", id)?;
         },
@@ -1234,7 +1234,7 @@ pub fn get_messages(channel_id: u64, query: &str)
                       query);
     let client = HyperClient::new();
     let response = request(Route::ChannelsIdMessages(channel_id),
-                                || client.get(&url))?;
+                           || client.get(&url))?;
 
     decode_array(serde_json::from_reader(response)?, Message::decode)
 }
@@ -1252,7 +1252,7 @@ pub fn get_pins(channel_id: u64) -> Result<Vec<Message>> {
 /// Gets user Ids based on their reaction to a message. This endpoint is dumb.
 pub fn get_reaction_users(channel_id: u64,
                           message_id: u64,
-                          reaction_type: ReactionType,
+                          reaction_type: &ReactionType,
                           limit: u8,
                           after: Option<u64>)
                           -> Result<Vec<User>> {
@@ -1512,22 +1512,15 @@ pub fn send_file<R: Read>(channel_id: u64,
     request.write_stream("file", &mut file, Some(filename), None)?;
 
     for (k, v) in map {
-        let val = match v {
-            Value::I64(v) => v.to_string(),
-            Value::String(v) => v,
-            Value::U64(v) => v.to_string(),
-            _ => continue,
-        };
-
-        request.write_text(&k, val)?;
+        request.write_text(&k, v.to_string())?;
     }
 
     Message::decode(serde_json::from_reader(request.send()?)?)
 }
 
 /// Sends a message to a channel.
-pub fn send_message(channel_id: u64, map: Value) -> Result<Message> {
-    let body = serde_json::to_string(&map)?;
+pub fn send_message(channel_id: u64, map: &Value) -> Result<Message> {
+    let body = map.to_string();
     let response = request!(Route::ChannelsIdMessages(channel_id),
                             post(body),
                             "/channels/{}/messages",
@@ -1573,8 +1566,8 @@ pub fn remove_member_role(guild_id: u64, user_id: u64, role_id: u64) -> Result<(
 }
 
 /// Starts removing some members from a guild based on the last time they've been online.
-pub fn start_guild_prune(guild_id: u64, map: Value) -> Result<GuildPrune> {
-    let body = serde_json::to_string(&map)?;
+pub fn start_guild_prune(guild_id: u64, map: &Value) -> Result<GuildPrune> {
+    let body = map.to_string();
     let response = request!(Route::GuildsIdPrune(guild_id),
                             post(body),
                             "/guilds/{}/prune",
diff --git a/src/client/rest/ratelimiting.rs b/src/client/rest/ratelimiting.rs
index f232759..2f252ac 100644
--- a/src/client/rest/ratelimiting.rs
+++ b/src/client/rest/ratelimiting.rs
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
 //! differentiating between different ratelimits.
 //!
 //! [Taken from]: https://discordapp.com/developers/docs/topics/rate-limits#rate-limits
+#![allow(zero_ptr)]
 
 use hyper::client::{RequestBuilder, Response};
 use hyper::header::Headers;
diff --git a/src/model/channel.rs b/src/model/channel.rs
index 72142f1..60e608d 100644
--- a/src/model/channel.rs
+++ b/src/model/channel.rs
@@ -557,7 +557,7 @@ impl ChannelId {
             .insert("type", kind)
             .build();
 
-        rest::create_permission(self.0, id, map)
+        rest::create_permission(self.0, id, &map)
     }
 
     /// React to a [`Message`] with a custom [`Emoji`] or unicode character.
@@ -575,7 +575,7 @@ impl ChannelId {
     #[inline]
     pub fn create_reaction<M, R>(&self, message_id: M, reaction_type: R)
         -> Result<()> where M: Into<MessageId>, R: Into<ReactionType> {
-        rest::create_reaction(self.0, message_id.into().0, reaction_type.into())
+        rest::create_reaction(self.0, message_id.into().0, &reaction_type.into())
     }
 
     /// Deletes this channel, returning the channel on a successful deletion.
@@ -620,7 +620,7 @@ impl ChannelId {
 
         let map = ObjectBuilder::new().insert("messages", ids).build();
 
-        rest::delete_messages(self.0, map)
+        rest::delete_messages(self.0, &map)
     }
 
     /// Deletes all permission overrides in the channel from a member or role.
@@ -647,7 +647,7 @@ impl ChannelId {
         rest::delete_reaction(self.0,
                               message_id.into().0,
                               user_id.map(|uid| uid.0),
-                              reaction_type.into())
+                              &reaction_type.into())
     }
 
 
@@ -677,7 +677,7 @@ impl ChannelId {
     /// [Manage Channel]: permissions/constant.MANAGE_CHANNELS.html
     #[inline]
     pub fn edit<F: FnOnce(EditChannel) -> EditChannel>(&self, f: F) -> Result<GuildChannel> {
-        rest::edit_channel(self.0, f(EditChannel::default()).0.build())
+        rest::edit_channel(self.0, &f(EditChannel::default()).0.build())
     }
 
     /// Edits a [`Message`] in the channel given its Id.
@@ -711,7 +711,7 @@ impl ChannelId {
             }
         }
 
-        rest::edit_message(self.0, message_id.into().0, Value::Object(map))
+        rest::edit_message(self.0, message_id.into().0, &Value::Object(map))
     }
 
     /// Search the cache for the channel with the Id.
@@ -798,7 +798,7 @@ impl ChannelId {
 
         rest::get_reaction_users(self.0,
                                  message_id.into().0,
-                                 reaction_type.into(),
+                                 &reaction_type.into(),
                                  limit,
                                  after.map(|u| u.into().0))
     }
@@ -950,7 +950,7 @@ impl ChannelId {
             }
         }
 
-        rest::send_message(self.0, Value::Object(map))
+        rest::send_message(self.0, &Value::Object(map))
     }
 
     /// Unpins a [`Message`] in the channel given by its Id.
@@ -1470,7 +1470,7 @@ impl Message {
 
         let map = f(builder).0;
 
-        match rest::edit_message(self.channel_id.0, self.id.0, Value::Object(map)) {
+        match rest::edit_message(self.channel_id.0, self.id.0, &Value::Object(map)) {
             Ok(edited) => {
                 mem::replace(self, edited);
 
@@ -1621,7 +1621,7 @@ impl Message {
 
         rest::create_reaction(self.channel_id.0,
                               self.id.0,
-                              reaction_type.into())
+                              &reaction_type.into())
     }
 
     /// Replies to the user, mentioning them prior to the content in the form
@@ -1669,7 +1669,7 @@ impl Message {
             .insert("tts", false)
             .build();
 
-        rest::send_message(self.channel_id.0, map)
+        rest::send_message(self.channel_id.0, &map)
     }
 
     /// Unpins the message from its channel.
@@ -2094,7 +2094,7 @@ impl GuildChannel {
 
         let map = f(CreateInvite::default()).0.build();
 
-        rest::create_invite(self.id.0, map)
+        rest::create_invite(self.id.0, &map)
     }
 
     /// Creates a [permission overwrite][`PermissionOverwrite`] for either a
@@ -2289,7 +2289,7 @@ impl GuildChannel {
 
         let edited = f(EditChannel(map)).0.build();
 
-        match rest::edit_channel(self.id.0, edited) {
+        match rest::edit_channel(self.id.0, &edited) {
             Ok(channel) => {
                 mem::replace(self, channel);
 
@@ -2571,7 +2571,7 @@ impl Reaction {
         rest::delete_reaction(self.channel_id.0,
                               self.message_id.0,
                               user_id,
-                              self.emoji.clone())
+                              &self.emoji)
     }
 
     /// Retrieves the list of [`User`]s who have reacted to a [`Message`] with a
@@ -2606,7 +2606,7 @@ impl Reaction {
                              U: Into<UserId> {
         rest::get_reaction_users(self.channel_id.0,
                                  self.message_id.0,
-                                 reaction_type.into(),
+                                 &reaction_type.into(),
                                  limit.unwrap_or(50),
                                  after.map(|u| u.into().0))
     }
diff --git a/src/model/guild.rs b/src/model/guild.rs
index 03c5cfc..8fa6d0e 100644
--- a/src/model/guild.rs
+++ b/src/model/guild.rs
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ impl Emoji {
                     .insert("name", name)
                     .build();
 
-                match rest::edit_emoji(guild_id.0, self.id.0, map) {
+                match rest::edit_emoji(guild_id.0, self.id.0, &map) {
                     Ok(emoji) => {
                         mem::replace(self, emoji);
 
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ impl Guild {
             .insert("region", region.name())
             .build();
 
-        rest::create_guild(map)
+        rest::create_guild(&map)
     }
 
     /// Creates a new [`Channel`] in the guild.
@@ -1181,7 +1181,7 @@ impl GuildId {
             .insert("type", kind.name())
             .build();
 
-        rest::create_channel(self.0, map)
+        rest::create_channel(self.0, &map)
     }
 
     /// Creates an emoji in the guild with a name and base64-encoded image.
@@ -1207,7 +1207,7 @@ impl GuildId {
             .insert("image", image)
             .build();
 
-        rest::create_emoji(self.0, map)
+        rest::create_emoji(self.0, &map)
     }
 
     /// Creates an integration for the guild.
@@ -1223,7 +1223,7 @@ impl GuildId {
             .insert("type", kind)
             .build();
 
-        rest::create_guild_integration(self.0, integration_id.0, map)
+        rest::create_guild_integration(self.0, integration_id.0, &map)
     }
 
     /// Creates a new role in the guild with the data set, if any.
@@ -1236,7 +1236,7 @@ impl GuildId {
     /// [Manage Roles]: permissions/constant.MANAGE_ROLES.html
     #[inline]
     pub fn create_role<F: FnOnce(EditRole) -> EditRole>(&self, f: F) -> Result<Role> {
-        rest::create_role(self.0, f(EditRole::default()).0.build())
+        rest::create_role(self.0, &f(EditRole::default()).0.build())
     }
 
     /// Deletes the current guild if the current account is the owner of the
@@ -1299,7 +1299,7 @@ impl GuildId {
     /// [Manage Guild]: permissions/constant.MANAGE_GUILD.html
     #[inline]
     pub fn edit<F: FnOnce(EditGuild) -> EditGuild>(&mut self, f: F) -> Result<PartialGuild> {
-        rest::edit_guild(self.0, f(EditGuild::default()).0.build())
+        rest::edit_guild(self.0, &f(EditGuild::default()).0.build())
     }
 
     /// Edits an [`Emoji`]'s name in the guild.
@@ -1315,7 +1315,7 @@ impl GuildId {
     pub fn edit_emoji<E: Into<EmojiId>>(&self, emoji_id: E, name: &str) -> Result<Emoji> {
         let map = ObjectBuilder::new().insert("name", name).build();
 
-        rest::edit_emoji(self.0, emoji_id.into().0, map)
+        rest::edit_emoji(self.0, emoji_id.into().0, &map)
     }
 
     /// Edits the properties of member of the guild, such as muting or
@@ -1334,7 +1334,7 @@ impl GuildId {
     #[inline]
     pub fn edit_member<F, U>(&self, user_id: U, f: F) -> Result<()>
         where F: FnOnce(EditMember) -> EditMember, U: Into<UserId> {
-        rest::edit_member(self.0, user_id.into().0, f(EditMember::default()).0.build())
+        rest::edit_member(self.0, user_id.into().0, &f(EditMember::default()).0.build())
     }
 
     /// Edits the current user's nickname for the guild.
@@ -1368,7 +1368,7 @@ impl GuildId {
     #[inline]
     pub fn edit_role<F, R>(&self, role_id: R, f: F) -> Result<Role>
         where F: FnOnce(EditRole) -> EditRole, R: Into<RoleId> {
-        rest::edit_role(self.0, role_id.into().0, f(EditRole::default()).0.build())
+        rest::edit_role(self.0, role_id.into().0, &f(EditRole::default()).0.build())
     }
 
     /// Search the cache for the guild.
@@ -1479,7 +1479,7 @@ impl GuildId {
     pub fn get_prune_count(&self, days: u16) -> Result<GuildPrune> {
         let map = ObjectBuilder::new().insert("days", days).build();
 
-        rest::get_guild_prune_count(self.0, map)
+        rest::get_guild_prune_count(self.0, &map)
     }
 
     /// Retrieves the guild's webhooks.
@@ -1518,7 +1518,7 @@ impl GuildId {
         -> Result<()> where C: Into<ChannelId>, U: Into<UserId> {
         let map = ObjectBuilder::new().insert("channel_id", channel_id.into().0).build();
 
-        rest::edit_member(self.0, user_id.into().0, map)
+        rest::edit_member(self.0, user_id.into().0, &map)
     }
 
     /// Performs a search request to the API for the guild's [`Message`]s.
@@ -1583,7 +1583,7 @@ impl GuildId {
     /// [Kick Members]: permissions/constant.KICK_MEMBERS.html
     #[inline]
     pub fn start_prune(&self, days: u16) -> Result<GuildPrune> {
-        rest::start_guild_prune(self.0, ObjectBuilder::new().insert("days", days).build())
+        rest::start_guild_prune(self.0, &ObjectBuilder::new().insert("days", days).build())
     }
 
     /// Unbans a [`User`] from the guild.
@@ -1681,7 +1681,7 @@ impl Member {
 
         let map = EditMember::default().roles(&self.roles).0.build();
 
-        match rest::edit_member(guild_id.0, self.user.read().unwrap().id.0, map) {
+        match rest::edit_member(guild_id.0, self.user.read().unwrap().id.0, &map) {
             Ok(()) => Ok(()),
             Err(why) => {
                 self.roles.retain(|r| !role_ids.contains(r));
@@ -1763,7 +1763,7 @@ impl Member {
         let guild_id = self.find_guild()?;
         let map = f(EditMember::default()).0.build();
 
-        rest::edit_member(guild_id.0, self.user.read().unwrap().id.0, map)
+        rest::edit_member(guild_id.0, self.user.read().unwrap().id.0, &map)
     }
 
     /// Finds the Id of the [`Guild`] that the member is in.
@@ -1832,7 +1832,7 @@ impl Member {
 
         let map = EditMember::default().roles(&self.roles).0.build();
 
-        match rest::edit_member(guild_id.0, self.user.read().unwrap().id.0, map) {
+        match rest::edit_member(guild_id.0, self.user.read().unwrap().id.0, &map) {
             Ok(()) => Ok(()),
             Err(why) => {
                 self.roles.extend_from_slice(role_ids);
diff --git a/src/model/invite.rs b/src/model/invite.rs
index 10227bc..7d7378e 100644
--- a/src/model/invite.rs
+++ b/src/model/invite.rs
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ impl Invite {
             }
         }
 
-        rest::create_invite(channel_id.0, f(CreateInvite::default()).0.build())
+        rest::create_invite(channel_id.0, &f(CreateInvite::default()).0.build())
     }
 
     /// Deletes the invite.
diff --git a/src/model/user.rs b/src/model/user.rs
index be8f348..5b22e10 100644
--- a/src/model/user.rs
+++ b/src/model/user.rs
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ impl CurrentUser {
             map = map.insert("email", email)
         }
 
-        match rest::edit_profile(f(EditProfile(map)).0.build()) {
+        match rest::edit_profile(&f(EditProfile(map)).0.build()) {
             Ok(new) => {
                 let _ = mem::replace(self, new);
 
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ impl CurrentUser {
 
     /// Gets a list of guilds that the current user is in.
     pub fn guilds(&self) -> Result<Vec<GuildInfo>> {
-        rest::get_guilds(GuildPagination::After(GuildId(1)), 100)
+        rest::get_guilds(&GuildPagination::After(GuildId(1)), 100)
     }
 
     /// Returns a static formatted URL of the user's icon, if one exists.
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ impl User {
                     .insert("recipient_id", self.id.0)
                     .build();
 
-                rest::create_private_channel(map)?.id
+                rest::create_private_channel(&map)?.id
             }
         } else {
             let map = ObjectBuilder::new()
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ impl User {
             .insert("tts", false)
             .build();
 
-        rest::send_message(private_channel_id.0, map)
+        rest::send_message(private_channel_id.0, &map)
     }
 
     /// This is an alias of [direct_message].
@@ -386,14 +386,14 @@ impl UserId {
     pub fn create_dm_channel(&self) -> Result<PrivateChannel> {
         let map = ObjectBuilder::new().insert("recipient_id", self.0).build();
 
-        rest::create_private_channel(map)
+        rest::create_private_channel(&map)
     }
 
     /// Deletes a profile note from a user.
     pub fn delete_note(&self) -> Result<()> {
         let map = ObjectBuilder::new().insert("note", "").build();
 
-        rest::edit_note(self.0, map)
+        rest::edit_note(self.0, &map)
     }
 
     /// Edits the note that the current user has set for another user.
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ impl UserId {
     pub fn edit_note(&self, note: &str) -> Result<()> {
         let map = ObjectBuilder::new().insert("note", note).build();
 
-        rest::edit_note(self.0, map)
+        rest::edit_note(self.0, &map)
     }
 
     /// Search the cache for the user with the Id.
diff --git a/src/model/webhook.rs b/src/model/webhook.rs
index 7448fcf..4f831d9 100644
--- a/src/model/webhook.rs
+++ b/src/model/webhook.rs
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ impl Webhook {
             map = map.insert("name", name);
         }
 
-        match rest::edit_webhook_with_token(self.id.0, &self.token, map.build()) {
+        match rest::edit_webhook_with_token(self.id.0, &self.token, &map.build()) {
             Ok(replacement) => {
                 mem::replace(self, replacement);
 
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ impl Webhook {
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     pub fn execute<F: FnOnce(ExecuteWebhook) -> ExecuteWebhook>(&self, f: F) -> Result<Message> {
-        rest::execute_webhook(self.id.0, &self.token, f(ExecuteWebhook::default()).0.build())
+        rest::execute_webhook(self.id.0, &self.token, &f(ExecuteWebhook::default()).0.build())
     }
 
     /// Retrieves the latest information about the webhook, editing the