fix(security): make rate limiting real; limit the click counter (L8/L10)

rateLimit.ts built a new in-memory RateLimiter inside the function on every
call, so its store was always empty and it never limited anything. Rewrite
as module-level singletons: auth/mutation/read IP classes returning 429,
plus a click-counter limiter keyed on (IP, badge) so a viewer browsing many
different badges isn't throttled while hammering one badge is capped. Wire
the counter into PUT /api/badges?incrementClickCount (L10). Add a pluggable
RateLimiterStore seam (in-memory default, Upstash/Vercel KV ready) and
document the serverless per-region caveat.

Add docs/vercel-firewall.md with the dashboard WAF rate-limit rule spec
(Hobby 1-rule vs Pro) for coarse per-IP edge protection — keys the app
limiters can't express at the edge.

Verified locally: same-badge hits 200,200,429,429…; a different badge stays
200; a no-origin hit is rate-checked then 401.

2 files changed, 65 insertions, 8 deletions

diff --git a/src/lib/Error/rateLimit.ts b/src/lib/Error/rateLimit.ts
index 636bdd5d..d3508aba 100644
--- a/src/lib/Error/rateLimit.ts
+++ b/src/lib/Error/rateLimit.ts
@@ -1,12 +1,62 @@
 import type { RequestEvent } from "@sveltejs/kit";
-import { RateLimiter } from "sveltekit-rate-limiter/server";
+import {
+	RateLimiter,
+	type RateLimiterStore,
+} from "sveltekit-rate-limiter/server";
 
-export const checkRateLimit = async (event: RequestEvent) => {
-	const limiter = new RateLimiter({ rates: { IP: [5, "s"] } });
+// Storage. The library's default store is in-memory and PER INSTANCE. On
+// Vercel's serverless runtime, counters do not aggregate across lambda
+// instances or regions, so these limiters are best-effort backstops there.
+// Provision a shared store (Upstash Redis / Vercel KV) implementing
+// RateLimiterStore and return it here for durable limits. Coarse per-IP abuse
+// protection also runs at the edge via the Vercel WAF (see
+// docs/vercel-firewall.md); these app-level limiters add what the WAF cannot
+// express — per-user windows and the per-(IP, badge) click counter.
+const createStore = (): RateLimiterStore | undefined => {
+	// e.g. `if (env.UPSTASH_REDIS_REST_URL) return new UpstashStore(...)`
+	return undefined;
+};
 
-	await limiter.cookieLimiter?.preflight(event);
+const store = createStore();
 
-	if (await limiter.isLimited(event)) return new Response("rate-limited");
+// Module-level singletons: the counters must persist across requests. (The
+// previous implementation built a new RateLimiter on every call, so its store
+// was always empty and it never actually limited anything.)
+const limiters = {
+	auth: new RateLimiter({ IP: [10, "m"], store }),
+	mutation: new RateLimiter({ IP: [30, "m"], store }),
+	read: new RateLimiter({ IP: [60, "m"], store }),
+} satisfies Record<string, RateLimiter>;
 
-	return null;
-};
+export type RateLimitClass = keyof typeof limiters;
+
+const tooManyRequests = () =>
+	new Response("Too Many Requests", { status: 429 });
+
+export const checkRateLimit = async (
+	event: RequestEvent,
+	limit: RateLimitClass = "mutation",
+): Promise<Response | null> =>
+	(await limiters[limit].isLimited(event)) ? tooManyRequests() : null;
+
+// Click counter: bound inflation of a single badge without throttling a viewer
+// browsing many DIFFERENT badges. Keyed on (IP, badge) — which the edge WAF
+// can't express, since it keys on IP alone.
+const clickCounterLimiter = new RateLimiter({
+	store,
+	plugins: [
+		{
+			rate: [2, "m"],
+			hash: async (event) => {
+				const badgeId = event.url.searchParams.get("incrementClickCount");
+
+				return badgeId ? `click:${event.getClientAddress()}:${badgeId}` : true;
+			},
+		},
+	],
+});
+
+export const checkClickCounterLimit = async (
+	event: RequestEvent,
+): Promise<Response | null> =>
+	(await clickCounterLimiter.isLimited(event)) ? tooManyRequests() : null;
diff --git a/src/routes/api/badges/+server.ts b/src/routes/api/badges/+server.ts
index 10b63125..a4212f40 100644
--- a/src/routes/api/badges/+server.ts
+++ b/src/routes/api/badges/+server.ts
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import {
 } from "$lib/Database/SB/User/badges";
 import { decodeAuthCookieOrNull } from "$lib/Effect/authCookie";
 import { decodeRequestJsonOrThrow } from "$lib/Effect/requestBody";
+import { checkClickCounterLimit } from "$lib/Error/rateLimit";
 import { appOrigin, appOriginHeaders } from "$lib/Utility/appOrigin";
 import { isOwnerOrPrivileged } from "$lib/Utility/authorisation";
 import privilegedUser from "$lib/Utility/privilegedUser";
@@ -53,8 +54,14 @@ export const DELETE = async ({ url, cookies }) => {
 	return await badges(identity.id);
 };
 
-export const PUT = async ({ cookies, url, request }) => {
+export const PUT = async (event) => {
+	const { cookies, url, request } = event;
+
 	if (url.searchParams.get("incrementClickCount") || undefined) {
+		const limited = await checkClickCounterLimit(event);
+
+		if (limited) return limited;
+
 		if (request.headers.get("origin") !== appOrigin()) return unauthorised();
 
 		await incrementClickCount(