switch to xmake for package management (#611)

This change removes our dependency on vcpkg for package management, in favour of bringing some code in-tree in the `thirdparty` folder as well as using the xmake build-in package management feature. For the latter, all the package definitions are maintained in the zen repo itself, in the `repo` folder.

It should now also be easier to build the project as it will no longer depend on having the right version of vcpkg installed, which has been a common problem for new people coming in to the codebase. Now you should only need xmake to build.

* Bumps xmake requirement on github runners to 2.9.9 to resolve an issue where xmake on Windows invokes cmake with `v144` toolchain which does not exist
* BLAKE3 is now in-tree at `thirdparty/blake3`
* cpr is now in-tree at `thirdparty/cpr`
* cxxopts is now in-tree at `thirdparty/cxxopts`
* fmt is now in-tree at `thirdparty/fmt`
* robin-map is now in-tree at `thirdparty/robin-map`
* ryml is now in-tree at `thirdparty/ryml`
* sol2 is now in-tree at `thirdparty/sol2`
* spdlog is now in-tree at `thirdparty/spdlog`
* utfcpp is now in-tree at `thirdparty/utfcpp`
* xmake package repo definitions is in `repo`
* implemented support for sanitizers. ASAN is supported on windows, TSAN, UBSAN, MSAN etc are supported on Linux/MacOS though I have not yet tested it extensively on MacOS
* the zencore encryption implementation also now supports using mbedTLS which is used on MacOS, though for now we still use openssl on Linux
* crashpad
* bumps libcurl to 8.11.0 (from 8.8.0) which should address a rare build upload bug

1 files changed, 799 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/thirdparty/fmt/test/ranges-test.cc b/thirdparty/fmt/test/ranges-test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d65037fa8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/fmt/test/ranges-test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,799 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - ranges tests
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich and {fmt} contributors
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#include "fmt/ranges.h"
+
+#include <array>
+#include <list>
+#include <map>
+#include <numeric>
+#include <queue>
+#include <stack>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#if FMT_CPLUSPLUS > 201703L && FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(<ranges>)
+#  include <ranges>
+#endif
+
+#include "fmt/format.h"
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+
+#if !FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 601
+#  define FMT_RANGES_TEST_ENABLE_C_STYLE_ARRAY
+#endif
+
+#ifdef FMT_RANGES_TEST_ENABLE_C_STYLE_ARRAY
+TEST(ranges_test, format_array) {
+  int arr[] = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11};
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", arr), "[1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11]");
+}
+
+TEST(ranges_test, format_2d_array) {
+  int arr[][2] = {{1, 2}, {3, 5}, {7, 11}};
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", arr), "[[1, 2], [3, 5], [7, 11]]");
+}
+
+TEST(ranges_test, format_array_of_literals) {
+  const char* arr[] = {"1234", "abcd"};
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", arr), "[\"1234\", \"abcd\"]");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{:n}", arr), "\"1234\", \"abcd\"");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{:n:}", arr), "1234, abcd");
+}
+#endif  // FMT_RANGES_TEST_ENABLE_C_STYLE_ARRAY
+
+struct unformattable {};
+
+TEST(ranges_test, format_vector) {
+  auto v = std::vector<int>{1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11};
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", v), "[1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11]");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{::#x}", v), "[0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x5, 0x7, 0xb]");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{:n:#x}", v), "0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x5, 0x7, 0xb");
+
+  auto vc = std::vector<char>{'a', 'b', 'c'};
+  auto vec = std::vector<char>{'a', '\n', '\t'};
+  auto vvc = std::vector<std::vector<char>>{vc, vc};
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", vc), "['a', 'b', 'c']");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{:s}", vc), "\"abc\"");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{:?s}", vec), "\"a\\n\\t\"");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{:s}", vec), "\"a\n\t\"");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{::s}", vvc), "[\"abc\", \"abc\"]");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", vvc), "[['a', 'b', 'c'], ['a', 'b', 'c']]");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{:n}", vvc), "['a', 'b', 'c'], ['a', 'b', 'c']");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{:n:n}", vvc), "'a', 'b', 'c', 'a', 'b', 'c'");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{:n:n:}", vvc), "a, b, c, a, b, c");
+
+  EXPECT_FALSE(fmt::is_formattable<unformattable>::value);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(fmt::is_formattable<std::vector<unformattable>>::value);
+}
+
+TEST(ranges_test, format_nested_vector) {
+  auto v = std::vector<std::vector<int>>{{1, 2}, {3, 5}, {7, 11}};
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", v), "[[1, 2], [3, 5], [7, 11]]");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{:::#x}", v), "[[0x1, 0x2], [0x3, 0x5], [0x7, 0xb]]");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{:n:n:#x}", v), "0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x5, 0x7, 0xb");
+}
+
+TEST(ranges_test, to_string_vector) {
+  auto v = std::vector<std::string>{"a", "b", "c"};
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::to_string(v), "[\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"]");
+}
+
+TEST(ranges_test, format_map) {
+  auto m = std::map<std::string, int>{{"one", 1}, {"two", 2}};
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", m), "{\"one\": 1, \"two\": 2}");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{:n}", m), "\"one\": 1, \"two\": 2");
+
+  EXPECT_FALSE((fmt::is_formattable<std::map<int, unformattable>>::value));
+}
+
+struct test_map_value {};
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+template <> struct formatter<test_map_value> : formatter<string_view> {
+  auto format(test_map_value, format_context& ctx) const
+      -> format_context::iterator {
+    return formatter<string_view>::format("foo", ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename K>
+struct formatter<std::pair<K, test_map_value>> : formatter<string_view> {
+  auto format(std::pair<K, test_map_value>, format_context& ctx) const
+      -> format_context::iterator {
+    return ctx.out();
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename K>
+struct is_tuple_formattable<std::pair<K, test_map_value>, char>
+    : std::false_type {};
+
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+TEST(ranges_test, format_map_custom_pair) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", std::map<int, test_map_value>{{42, {}}}),
+            "{42: \"foo\"}");
+}
+
+TEST(ranges_test, format_set) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", std::set<std::string>{"one", "two"}),
+            "{\"one\", \"two\"}");
+}
+
+// Models std::flat_set close enough to test if no ambiguous lookup of a
+// formatter happens due to the flat_set type matching is_set and
+// is_container_adaptor_like.
+template <typename T> class flat_set {
+ public:
+  using key_type = T;
+  using container_type = std::vector<T>;
+
+  using iterator = typename std::vector<T>::iterator;
+  using const_iterator = typename std::vector<T>::const_iterator;
+
+  template <typename... Ts>
+  explicit flat_set(Ts&&... args) : c{std::forward<Ts>(args)...} {}
+
+  auto begin() -> iterator { return c.begin(); }
+  auto end() -> iterator { return c.end(); }
+
+  auto begin() const -> const_iterator { return c.begin(); }
+  auto end() const -> const_iterator { return c.end(); }
+
+ private:
+  std::vector<T> c;
+};
+
+TEST(ranges_test, format_flat_set) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", flat_set<std::string>{"one", "two"}),
+            "{\"one\", \"two\"}");
+  EXPECT_FALSE(fmt::is_formattable<flat_set<unformattable>>::value);
+}
+
+namespace adl {
+struct box {
+  int value;
+};
+
+auto begin(const box& b) -> const int* { return &b.value; }
+auto end(const box& b) -> const int* { return &b.value + 1; }
+}  // namespace adl
+
+TEST(ranges_test, format_adl_begin_end) {
+  auto b = adl::box{42};
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", b), "[42]");
+}
+
+TEST(ranges_test, format_pair) {
+  auto p = std::pair<int, float>(42, 1.5f);
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", p), "(42, 1.5)");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{:}", p), "(42, 1.5)");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{:n}", p), "421.5");
+}
+
+TEST(ranges_test, format_tuple) {
+  auto t =
+      std::tuple<int, float, std::string, char>(42, 1.5f, "this is tuple", 'i');
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", t), "(42, 1.5, \"this is tuple\", 'i')");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{:n}", t), "421.5\"this is tuple\"'i'");
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", std::tuple<>()), "()");
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE((fmt::is_formattable<std::tuple<>>::value));
+  EXPECT_FALSE((fmt::is_formattable<std::tuple<unformattable>>::value));
+  EXPECT_FALSE((fmt::is_formattable<std::tuple<unformattable, int>>::value));
+  EXPECT_FALSE((fmt::is_formattable<std::tuple<int, unformattable>>::value));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(
+      (fmt::is_formattable<std::tuple<unformattable, unformattable>>::value));
+  EXPECT_TRUE((fmt::is_formattable<std::tuple<int, float>>::value));
+}
+
+struct not_default_formattable {};
+struct bad_format {};
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+template <> struct formatter<not_default_formattable> {
+  auto parse(format_parse_context&) -> const char* { throw bad_format(); }
+  auto format(not_default_formattable, format_context& ctx)
+      -> format_context::iterator {
+    return ctx.out();
+  }
+};
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+TEST(ranges_test, tuple_parse_calls_element_parse) {
+  auto f = fmt::formatter<std::tuple<not_default_formattable>>();
+  auto ctx = fmt::format_parse_context("");
+  EXPECT_THROW(f.parse(ctx), bad_format);
+}
+
+struct tuple_like {
+  int i;
+  std::string str;
+
+  template <size_t N>
+  auto get() const noexcept -> fmt::enable_if_t<N == 0, int> {
+    return i;
+  }
+  template <size_t N>
+  auto get() const noexcept -> fmt::enable_if_t<N == 1, fmt::string_view> {
+    return str;
+  }
+};
+
+template <size_t N>
+auto get(const tuple_like& t) noexcept -> decltype(t.get<N>()) {
+  return t.get<N>();
+}
+
+// https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/39218
+FMT_PRAGMA_CLANG(diagnostic ignored "-Wmismatched-tags")
+
+namespace std {
+template <>
+struct tuple_size<tuple_like> : public std::integral_constant<size_t, 2> {};
+
+template <size_t N> struct tuple_element<N, tuple_like> {
+  using type = decltype(std::declval<tuple_like>().get<N>());
+};
+}  // namespace std
+
+TEST(ranges_test, format_struct) {
+  auto t = tuple_like{42, "foo"};
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", t), "(42, \"foo\")");
+}
+
+TEST(ranges_test, format_to) {
+  char buf[10];
+  auto end = fmt::format_to(buf, "{}", std::vector<int>{1, 2, 3});
+  *end = '\0';
+  EXPECT_STREQ(buf, "[1, 2, 3]");
+}
+
+template <typename Char> struct path_like {
+  auto begin() const -> const path_like*;
+  auto end() const -> const path_like*;
+
+  operator std::basic_string<Char>() const;
+};
+
+TEST(ranges_test, disabled_range_formatting_of_path) {
+  // Range formatting of path is disabled because of infinite recursion
+  // (path element is itself a path).
+  EXPECT_EQ((fmt::range_format_kind<path_like<char>, char>::value),
+            fmt::range_format::disabled);
+  EXPECT_EQ((fmt::range_format_kind<path_like<wchar_t>, char>::value),
+            fmt::range_format::disabled);
+}
+
+struct vector_string : std::vector<char> {
+  using base = std::vector<char>;
+  using base::base;
+};
+struct vector_debug_string : std::vector<char> {
+  using base = std::vector<char>;
+  using base::base;
+};
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+template <>
+struct range_format_kind<vector_string, char>
+    : std::integral_constant<range_format, range_format::string> {};
+template <>
+struct range_format_kind<vector_debug_string, char>
+    : std::integral_constant<range_format, range_format::debug_string> {};
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+TEST(ranges_test, range_format_string) {
+  const vector_string v{'f', 'o', 'o'};
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", v), "foo");
+}
+
+TEST(ranges_test, range_format_debug_string) {
+  const vector_debug_string v{'f', 'o', 'o'};
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", v), "\"foo\"");
+}
+
+// A range that provides non-const only begin()/end() to test fmt::join
+// handles that.
+//
+// Some ranges (e.g. those produced by range-v3's views::filter()) can cache
+// information during iteration so they only provide non-const begin()/end().
+template <typename T> class non_const_only_range {
+ private:
+  std::vector<T> vec;
+
+ public:
+  using const_iterator = typename ::std::vector<T>::const_iterator;
+
+  template <typename... Args>
+  explicit non_const_only_range(Args&&... args)
+      : vec(std::forward<Args>(args)...) {}
+
+  auto begin() -> const_iterator { return vec.begin(); }
+  auto end() -> const_iterator { return vec.end(); }
+};
+
+template <typename T> class noncopyable_range {
+ private:
+  std::vector<T> vec;
+
+ public:
+  using iterator = typename ::std::vector<T>::iterator;
+
+  template <typename... Args>
+  explicit noncopyable_range(Args&&... args)
+      : vec(std::forward<Args>(args)...) {}
+
+  noncopyable_range(const noncopyable_range&) = delete;
+  noncopyable_range(noncopyable_range&) = delete;
+
+  auto begin() -> iterator { return vec.begin(); }
+  auto end() -> iterator { return vec.end(); }
+};
+
+TEST(ranges_test, range) {
+  auto&& w = noncopyable_range<int>(3u, 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", w), "[0, 0, 0]");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", noncopyable_range<int>(3u, 0)), "[0, 0, 0]");
+
+  auto x = non_const_only_range<int>(3u, 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", x), "[0, 0, 0]");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", non_const_only_range<int>(3u, 0)), "[0, 0, 0]");
+
+  auto y = std::vector<int>(3u, 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", y), "[0, 0, 0]");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", std::vector<int>(3u, 0)), "[0, 0, 0]");
+
+  const auto z = std::vector<int>(3u, 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", z), "[0, 0, 0]");
+}
+
+enum test_enum { foo, bar };
+auto format_as(test_enum e) -> int { return e; }
+
+TEST(ranges_test, enum_range) {
+  auto v = std::vector<test_enum>{test_enum::foo};
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", v), "[0]");
+}
+
+#if !FMT_MSC_VERSION
+TEST(ranges_test, unformattable_range) {
+  EXPECT_FALSE((fmt::is_formattable<std::vector<unformattable>, char>::value));
+}
+#endif
+
+TEST(ranges_test, join) {
+  using fmt::join;
+  int v1[3] = {1, 2, 3};
+  auto v2 = std::vector<float>();
+  v2.push_back(1.2f);
+  v2.push_back(3.4f);
+  void* v3[2] = {&v1[0], &v1[1]};
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("({})", join(v1, v1 + 3, ", ")), "(1, 2, 3)");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("({})", join(v1, v1 + 1, ", ")), "(1)");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("({})", join(v1, v1, ", ")), "()");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("({:03})", join(v1, v1 + 3, ", ")), "(001, 002, 003)");
+  EXPECT_EQ("(+01.20, +03.40)",
+            fmt::format("({:+06.2f})", join(v2.begin(), v2.end(), ", ")));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{0:{1}}", join(v1, v1 + 3, ", "), 1), "1, 2, 3");
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}, {}", v3[0], v3[1]),
+            fmt::format("{}", join(v3, v3 + 2, ", ")));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("({})", join(v1, ", ")), "(1, 2, 3)");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("({:+06.2f})", join(v2, ", ")), "(+01.20, +03.40)");
+
+  auto v4 = std::vector<test_enum>{foo, bar, foo};
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", join(v4, " ")), "0 1 0");
+}
+
+#ifdef __cpp_lib_byte
+TEST(ranges_test, join_bytes) {
+  auto v = std::vector<std::byte>{std::byte(1), std::byte(2), std::byte(3)};
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", fmt::join(v, ", ")), "1, 2, 3");
+}
+#endif
+
+TEST(ranges_test, join_tuple) {
+  // Value tuple args.
+  auto t1 = std::tuple<char, int, float>('a', 1, 2.0f);
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("({})", fmt::join(t1, ", ")), "(a, 1, 2)");
+
+  // Testing lvalue tuple args.
+  int x = 4;
+  auto t2 = std::tuple<char, int&>('b', x);
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", fmt::join(t2, " + ")), "b + 4");
+
+  // Empty tuple.
+  auto t3 = std::tuple<>();
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", fmt::join(t3, "|")), "");
+
+  // Single element tuple.
+  auto t4 = std::tuple<float>(4.0f);
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", fmt::join(t4, "/")), "4");
+
+  // Tuple-like.
+  auto t5 = tuple_like{42, "foo"};
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", fmt::join(t5, ", ")), "42, foo");
+
+#if FMT_TUPLE_JOIN_SPECIFIERS
+  // Specs applied to each element.
+  auto t5 = std::tuple<int, int, long>(-3, 100, 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{:+03}", fmt::join(t5, ", ")), "-03, +100, +01");
+
+  auto t6 = std::tuple<float, double, long double>(3, 3.14, 3.1415);
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{:5.5f}", fmt::join(t6, ", ")),
+            "3.00000, 3.14000, 3.14150");
+
+  // Testing lvalue tuple args.
+  int y = -1;
+  auto t7 = std::tuple<int, int&, const int&>(3, y, y);
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{:03}", fmt::join(t7, ", ")), "003, -01, -01");
+#endif
+}
+
+TEST(ranges_test, join_initializer_list) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", fmt::join({1, 2, 3}, ", ")), "1, 2, 3");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", fmt::join({"fmt", "rocks", "!"}, " ")),
+            "fmt rocks !");
+}
+
+struct zstring_sentinel {};
+
+bool operator==(const char* p, zstring_sentinel) { return *p == '\0'; }
+bool operator!=(const char* p, zstring_sentinel) { return *p != '\0'; }
+
+struct zstring {
+  const char* p;
+  auto begin() const -> const char* { return p; }
+  auto end() const -> zstring_sentinel { return {}; }
+};
+
+#ifdef __cpp_lib_ranges
+struct cpp20_only_range {
+  struct iterator {
+    int val = 0;
+
+    using value_type = int;
+    using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
+    using iterator_concept = std::input_iterator_tag;
+
+    iterator() = default;
+    iterator(int i) : val(i) {}
+    auto operator*() const -> int { return val; }
+    auto operator++() -> iterator& {
+      ++val;
+      return *this;
+    }
+    void operator++(int) { ++*this; }
+    auto operator==(const iterator& rhs) const -> bool {
+      return val == rhs.val;
+    }
+  };
+
+  int lo;
+  int hi;
+
+  auto begin() const -> iterator { return iterator(lo); }
+  auto end() const -> iterator { return iterator(hi); }
+};
+
+static_assert(std::input_iterator<cpp20_only_range::iterator>);
+#endif
+
+TEST(ranges_test, join_sentinel) {
+  auto hello = zstring{"hello"};
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", hello), "['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o']");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{::}", hello), "[h, e, l, l, o]");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", fmt::join(hello, "_")), "h_e_l_l_o");
+}
+
+TEST(ranges_test, join_range) {
+  auto&& w = noncopyable_range<int>(3u, 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", fmt::join(w, ",")), "0,0,0");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", fmt::join(noncopyable_range<int>(3u, 0), ",")),
+            "0,0,0");
+
+  auto x = non_const_only_range<int>(3u, 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", fmt::join(x, ",")), "0,0,0");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", fmt::join(non_const_only_range<int>(3u, 0), ",")),
+            "0,0,0");
+
+  auto y = std::vector<int>(3u, 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", fmt::join(y, ",")), "0,0,0");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", fmt::join(std::vector<int>(3u, 0), ",")),
+            "0,0,0");
+
+  const auto z = std::vector<int>(3u, 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", fmt::join(z, ",")), "0,0,0");
+
+#ifdef __cpp_lib_ranges
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", cpp20_only_range{.lo = 0, .hi = 5}),
+            "[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]");
+  EXPECT_EQ(
+      fmt::format("{}", fmt::join(cpp20_only_range{.lo = 0, .hi = 5}, ",")),
+      "0,1,2,3,4");
+#endif
+}
+
+namespace adl {
+struct vec {
+  int n[2] = {42, 43};
+};
+
+auto begin(const vec& v) -> const int* { return v.n; }
+auto end(const vec& v) -> const int* { return v.n + 2; }
+}  // namespace adl
+
+TEST(ranges_test, format_join_adl_begin_end) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", fmt::join(adl::vec(), "/")), "42/43");
+}
+
+#if defined(__cpp_lib_ranges) && __cpp_lib_ranges >= 202207L
+TEST(ranges_test, nested_ranges) {
+  auto l = std::list{1, 2, 3};
+  auto r = std::views::iota(0, 3) | std::views::transform([&l](auto i) {
+             return std::views::take(std::ranges::subrange(l), i);
+           }) |
+           std::views::transform(std::views::reverse);
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", r), "[[], [1], [2, 1]]");
+}
+#endif
+
+TEST(ranges_test, is_printable) {
+  using fmt::detail::is_printable;
+  EXPECT_TRUE(is_printable(0x0323));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(is_printable(0x0378));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(is_printable(0x110000));
+}
+
+TEST(ranges_test, escape) {
+  using vec = std::vector<std::string>;
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", vec{"\n\r\t\"\\"}), "[\"\\n\\r\\t\\\"\\\\\"]");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", vec{"\x07"}), "[\"\\x07\"]");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", vec{"\x7f"}), "[\"\\x7f\"]");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", vec{"n\xcc\x83"}), "[\"n\xcc\x83\"]");
+
+  if (fmt::detail::use_utf8) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", vec{"\xcd\xb8"}), "[\"\\u0378\"]");
+    // Unassigned Unicode code points.
+    EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", vec{"\xf0\xaa\x9b\x9e"}), "[\"\\U0002a6de\"]");
+    // Broken utf-8.
+    EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", vec{"\xf4\x8f\xbf\xc0"}),
+              "[\"\\xf4\\x8f\\xbf\\xc0\"]");
+    EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", vec{"\xf0\x28"}), "[\"\\xf0(\"]");
+    EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", vec{"\xe1\x28"}), "[\"\\xe1(\"]");
+    EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", vec{std::string("\xf0\x28\0\0anything", 12)}),
+              "[\"\\xf0(\\x00\\x00anything\"]");
+
+    // Correct utf-8.
+    EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", vec{"🦄"}), "[\"🦄\"]");
+  }
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", std::vector<std::vector<char>>{{'x'}}),
+            "[['x']]");
+
+// Disabled due to a clang 17 bug: https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/4144.
+#if FMT_CLANG_VERSION >= 1800
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", std::tuple<std::vector<char>>{{'x'}}), "(['x'])");
+#endif
+}
+
+template <typename R> struct fmt_ref_view {
+  R* r;
+
+  auto begin() const -> decltype(r->begin()) { return r->begin(); }
+  auto end() const -> decltype(r->end()) { return r->end(); }
+};
+
+TEST(ranges_test, range_of_range_of_mixed_const) {
+  auto v = std::vector<std::vector<int>>{{1, 2, 3}, {4, 5}};
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", v), "[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5]]");
+
+  auto r = fmt_ref_view<decltype(v)>{&v};
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", r), "[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5]]");
+}
+
+TEST(ranges_test, vector_char) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", std::vector<char>{'a', 'b'}), "['a', 'b']");
+}
+
+TEST(ranges_test, container_adaptor) {
+  {
+    using fmt::detail::is_container_adaptor_like;
+    using T = std::nullptr_t;
+    static_assert(is_container_adaptor_like<std::stack<T>>::value, "");
+    static_assert(is_container_adaptor_like<std::queue<T>>::value, "");
+    static_assert(is_container_adaptor_like<std::priority_queue<T>>::value, "");
+    static_assert(!is_container_adaptor_like<std::vector<T>>::value, "");
+  }
+
+  {
+    auto s = std::stack<int>();
+    s.push(1);
+    s.push(2);
+    EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", s), "[1, 2]");
+    EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", const_cast<const decltype(s)&>(s)), "[1, 2]");
+  }
+
+  {
+    auto q = std::queue<int>();
+    q.push(1);
+    q.push(2);
+    EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", q), "[1, 2]");
+  }
+
+  {
+    auto q = std::priority_queue<int>();
+    q.push(3);
+    q.push(1);
+    q.push(2);
+    q.push(4);
+    EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", q), "[4, 3, 2, 1]");
+  }
+
+  {
+    auto s = std::stack<char, std::string>();
+    s.push('a');
+    s.push('b');
+    // See https://cplusplus.github.io/LWG/issue3881.
+    EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", s), "['a', 'b']");
+  }
+
+  {
+    struct my_container_adaptor {
+      using value_type = int;
+      using container_type = std::vector<value_type>;
+      void push(const value_type& v) { c.push_back(v); }
+
+     protected:
+      container_type c;
+    };
+
+    auto m = my_container_adaptor();
+    m.push(1);
+    m.push(2);
+    EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", m), "[1, 2]");
+  }
+
+  EXPECT_FALSE(fmt::is_formattable<std::stack<unformattable>>::value);
+}
+
+struct tieable {
+  int a = 3;
+  double b = 0.42;
+};
+
+auto format_as(const tieable& t) -> std::tuple<int, double> {
+  return std::tie(t.a, t.b);
+}
+
+TEST(ranges_test, format_as_tie) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", tieable()), "(3, 0.42)");
+}
+
+struct lvalue_qualified_begin_end {
+  int arr[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
+
+  auto begin() & -> const int* { return arr; }
+  auto end() & -> const int* { return arr + 5; }
+};
+
+TEST(ranges_test, lvalue_qualified_begin_end) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", lvalue_qualified_begin_end{}), "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]");
+}
+
+#if !defined(__cpp_lib_ranges) || __cpp_lib_ranges <= 202106L
+#  define ENABLE_STD_VIEWS_TESTS 0
+#elif FMT_CLANG_VERSION
+#  if FMT_CLANG_VERSION > 1500
+#    define ENABLE_STD_VIEWS_TESTS 1
+#  else
+#    define ENABLE_STD_VIEWS_TESTS 0
+#  endif
+#else
+#  define ENABLE_STD_VIEWS_TESTS 1
+#endif
+
+#if ENABLE_STD_VIEWS_TESTS
+TEST(ranges_test, input_range_join) {
+  auto iss = std::istringstream("1 2 3 4 5");
+  auto view = std::views::istream<std::string>(iss);
+  EXPECT_EQ("1, 2, 3, 4, 5",
+            fmt::format("{}", fmt::join(view.begin(), view.end(), ", ")));
+}
+
+TEST(ranges_test, input_range_join_overload) {
+  auto iss = std::istringstream("1 2 3 4 5");
+  EXPECT_EQ(
+      "1.2.3.4.5",
+      fmt::format("{}", fmt::join(std::views::istream<std::string>(iss), ".")));
+}
+
+namespace views_filter_view_test {
+struct codec_mask {
+  static constexpr auto codecs = std::array{0, 1, 2, 3};
+  int except = 0;
+};
+
+auto format_as(codec_mask mask) {
+  // Careful not to capture param by reference here, it will dangle.
+  return codec_mask::codecs |
+         std::views::filter([mask](auto c) { return c != mask.except; });
+}
+}  // namespace views_filter_view_test
+
+TEST(ranges_test, format_as_with_ranges_mutable_begin_end) {
+  using namespace views_filter_view_test;
+  {
+    auto make_filter_view = []() {
+      return codec_mask::codecs |
+             std::views::filter([](auto c) { return c != 2; });
+    };
+    auto r = make_filter_view();
+    EXPECT_EQ("[0, 1, 3]", fmt::format("{}", r));
+    EXPECT_EQ("[0, 1, 3]", fmt::format("{}", make_filter_view()));
+  }
+
+  {
+    auto mask = codec_mask{2};
+    const auto const_mask = codec_mask{2};
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("[0, 1, 3]", fmt::format("{}", mask));
+    EXPECT_EQ("[0, 1, 3]", fmt::format("{}", const_mask));
+    EXPECT_EQ("[0, 1, 3]", fmt::format("{}", codec_mask{2}));
+  }
+}
+
+#endif
+
+TEST(ranges_test, std_istream_iterator_join) {
+  auto&& iss = std::istringstream("1 2 3 4 5");
+  auto first = std::istream_iterator<int>(iss);
+  auto last = std::istream_iterator<int>();
+  EXPECT_EQ("1, 2, 3, 4, 5", fmt::format("{}", fmt::join(first, last, ", ")));
+}
+
+// Mirrors C++20 std::ranges::basic_istream_view::iterator.
+struct noncopyable_istream_iterator : std::istream_iterator<int> {
+  using base = std::istream_iterator<int>;
+  explicit noncopyable_istream_iterator(std::istringstream& iss) : base{iss} {}
+  noncopyable_istream_iterator(const noncopyable_istream_iterator&) = delete;
+  noncopyable_istream_iterator(noncopyable_istream_iterator&&) = default;
+};
+static_assert(!std::is_copy_constructible<noncopyable_istream_iterator>::value,
+              "");
+
+TEST(ranges_test, movable_only_istream_iter_join) {
+  auto&& iss = std::istringstream("1 2 3 4 5");
+  auto first = noncopyable_istream_iterator(iss);
+  auto last = std::istream_iterator<int>();
+  EXPECT_EQ("1, 2, 3, 4, 5",
+            fmt::format("{}", fmt::join(std::move(first), last, ", ")));
+}
+
+struct movable_iter_range {
+  std::istringstream iss{"1 2 3 4 5"};
+  noncopyable_istream_iterator begin() {
+    return noncopyable_istream_iterator{iss};
+  }
+  std::istream_iterator<int> end() { return {}; }
+};
+
+TEST(ranges_test, movable_only_istream_iter_join2) {
+  EXPECT_EQ("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]", fmt::format("{}", movable_iter_range{}));
+}
+
+struct not_range {
+  void begin() const {}
+  void end() const {}
+};
+static_assert(!fmt::is_formattable<not_range>{}, "");